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WGII AR assessed that global flood risk will increase in the future, partly owing to climate change , with Bob’s burgers movie and ac dc rock band all over print hawaiian shirt projected changes in the frequency of droughts longer than months being more uncertain because of their dependence on accumulated

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half their range at of warming compared to at . also suggests a significant loss of functionality in these threatened systems at of warming, owing to the critical role of insects in nutrient cycling, pollination, detritivory and other important ecosystem processes … The dependence of risks andor impacts associated with the Reasons for Concern on the level of climate change, updated and adapted from WGII AR Ch , ure . and highlighting the nature of this dependence between and warming above pre-industrial levels. In summary, climate is an important factor influencing the geography and seasonality of tourism demand and spending Bob’s burgers movie and ac dc rock band all over print hawaiian shirt globally . Increasing temperatures are projected to directly impact climate-dependent tourism markets, including sun, beach and snow sports tourism, with lesser risks for other tourism markets that are less climate sensitive . The degradation or loss of beach and coral reef assets is expected to increase risks for coastal tourism, particularly in subtropical and tropical regions . Climate models are better at projecting implications of greenhouse gas forcing on physical systems than at assessing differential risks associated with achieving a specific temperature target James . These challenges in managing risks are amplified when combined with the scale of urban areas and assumptions about socio-economic pathways  . The predictions of back-to-back bleaching events Hoegh-Guldberg, have become the reality in the summers of , Hughes , as have projections of declining coral abundance . Models have also become increasingly capable and are currently predicting the large-scale loss of coral reefs by mid-century under even low-emissions scenarios  . Even achieving emissions reduction targets consistent with the ambitious goal of . of global warming under the Paris Agreement will result in the further loss of of reef-building corals compared to today, with of corals being lost under warming of or more above the pre-industrial period  it is difficult to reliably separate the impacts of ocean warming and acidification.

As ocean waters have increased in sea surface temperature by approximately . they have also decreased by . pH units since ‘pre-industrial’; in Gattuso , Bopp . As CO concentrations continue to increase along with other GHGs, pH will decrease while sea temperature will increase, reaching . and a decrease of . pH units by under RCP. relative to the pre-industrial period. These changes are likely to continue given the negative correlation of temperature and pH. Experimental manipulation of CO, temperature and consequently acidification indicate that these impacts will continue to increase in size and scale as CO and SST continue to increase in tandem Dove , Fang , Kroeker . At the global level, linear scaling is accep for net primary production, biomass burning and surface runoff, and impacts on terrestrial carbon storage are projected to be greater at than at . Tanaka . If global CO concentrations and temperatures stabilize, or peak and decline, then both land and ocean carbon sinks which are primarily driven by the continued increase in atmospheric CO will also decline and may even become carbon sources Jones . Consequently, if a given amount of anthropogenic CO is removed from the atmosphere, an equivalent amount of land and ocean anthropogenic CO will be released to the atmosphere . There is limited published literature examining modelled land carbon changes specifically under . of warming, but existing CMIP models and published data are used in this report to draw some conclusions. For systems with significant inerti such as vegetation or soil carbon stores, changes in carbon storage will depend on the rate of change of forcing and thus depend on the choice of scenario Jones , Ciais , Sihi . To avoid legacy effects of the choice of scenario, this report focuses on the response of gross primary productivity the rate of photosynthetic carbon uptake by the models, rather than by changes in their carbon store.

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