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negative changes in mean annual streamflow are smaller for . than for of global warming Betts , Döll . Döll found Tropical bob marley all over print hawaiian shirt that only of the global land area shows a statistically significantly larger hazard at than at .. Significant decreases are found for of the global land

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precipitation over long periods Jiménez Cisneros . Working Group II of AR concluded that socio-economic losses from flooding since the mid-th century have increased mainly because of greater exposure and vulnerability Jiménez Cisneros . There was low confidence due to limited evidence, however, that anthropogenic climate change has affected the frequency and magnitude of floods. WGII AR also concluded that there is no evidence that surface water and groundwater drought frequency has changed over the last few decades, although impacts of drought have increased mostly owing to increased water demand J Tropical bob marley all over print hawaiian shirt Incomplete data and understanding of these lower-end climate scenarios have increased the need for more data and an improved understanding of the projected risks of warming of . and for reference. In this , the available literature on the projected risks, impacts and adaptation options is explored, supported by additional information and background provided in Supplementary Material   A description of the main assessment methods of this is given in … In summary, the probability of a sea-ice-free Arctic Ocean during summer is substantially higher at compared to . of global warming relative to pre-industrial levels, and there is medium confidence that there will be at least one sea ice-free Arctic summer after about years of stabilized warming at , while about years are required at .. There is high confidence that an intermediate temperature overshoot has no long-term consequences for Arctic sea ice coverage with regrowth on decadal time scales. Studies in the detection of trends in the occurrence of very intense tropical cyclones category and hurricanes on the Saffir-Simpson scale over recent decades have yielded contradicting results. Most studies have reported increases in these systems  , in particular for the North Atlanti North Indian and South Indian Ocean basins  .

In the North Indian Ocean over the Arabian Se an increase in the frequency of extremely severe cyclonic storms has been reported and attributed to anthropogenic warming Murakami . However, to the east over the Bay of Bengal, tropical cyclones and severe tropical cyclones have exhibited decreasing trends over the period , although the ratio between severe tropical cyclones and all tropical cyclones is increasing Mohapatra . Moreover, studies that have used more homogeneous records, but were consequently limited to rather short periods of to years, have reported no statistically significant trends or decreases in the global number of these systems  . Likewise, CMIP model simulations of the historical period have not produced anthropogenically induced trends in very intense tropical cyclones Bender , Knutson , Camargo, Christensen , consistent with the findings of  . There is consequently low confidence in the conclusion that the number of very intense cyclones is increasing globally. Most recent studies on observed trends in the attributes of tropical cyclones have focused on the satellite era starting in Rienecker , but the study of observed trends is complicated by the heterogeneity of constantly advancing remote sensing techniques and instrumentation during this period , Landse Walsh . Numerous studies leading up to and after AR have reported a decreasing trend in the global number of tropical cyclones andor the globally accumulated cyclonic energy  . A theoretical physical basis for such a decrease to occur under global warming was recently provided by Kang and Elsner . However, using a relatively short and relatively homogeneous remotely sensed record, Klotzbach reported no significant trends in global cyclonic activity, consistent with more recent findings of Holland and Bruyère . Such contradictions, in combination with the fact that the almost four-decade-long period of remotely sensed observations remains relatively short to distinguish anthropogenically induced trends from decadal and multi-decadal variability, implies that there is only low confidence regarding changes in global tropical cyclone numbers under global warming over the last four decades. Global-scale assessments of projected changes in freshwater systems generally suggest that areas with either positive or

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