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also acknowledges that the UNFCCC is the primary international, intergovernmental forum for negotiating the global response to The los angeles dodgers all over print hawaiian shirt  climate change. In this category of . pathways, human-induced warming either rises monotonically to stabilise at . ure , brown lines or peaks at or below . and then declines . ure .b demonstrates that pathways remaining below .

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be other .-consistent pathways without the characteristics in question. AR already assessed such targeted analyses, for example, asking which technologies are important in order to keep open the possibility of limiting warming to Clarke . By now, several such targeted analyses are also available for questions related to . L This assessment distinguishes between ‘consistent’ and the much stronger concept of required characteristics of . pathways wherever possible. The above are examples of ‘supply-side’ actions. Broadly speaking, these are actions that can reduce greenhouse gas emissions through the use of low-carbon solutions. A different type of action can reduce how much energy human society uses, while still ensuring increasing levels of development and well-being. Known as ‘demand-side’ actions, this category includes improving energy efficiency in buildings and reducing The los angeles dodgers all over print hawaiian shirt consumption of energy- and greenhouse-gas intensive products through behavioural and lifestyle changes, for example. Demand- and supply-side measures are not an either-or question, they work in parallel with each other. But emphasis can be given to one or the other. Scientists use computer models to simulate the emissions of greenhouse gases that would be consistent with different levels of warming. The different possibilities are often referred to as ‘greenhouse gas emission pathways’. There is no single, definitive pathway to limiting warming to .. In principle, ‘pre-industrial levels’ could refer to any period of time before the start of the industrial revolution. But the number of direct temperature measurements decreases as we go back in time. Defining a ‘pre-industrial’ reference period is, therefore, a compromise between the reliability of the temperature information and how representative it is of truly pre-industrial conditions. Some pre-industrial periods are cooler than others for purely natural reasons. This could be because of spontaneous climate variability or the response of the climate to natural perturbations, such as volcanic eruptions and variations in the sun’s activity.

This IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of . uses the reference period to represent pre-industrial temperature. This is the earliest period with near-global observations and is the reference period used as an approximation of pre-industrial temperatures in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report. Besides quantitative detection and attribution methods, assessments can also be based on indigenous and local knowledge see , Box .. While climate observations may not be available to assess impacts from a scientific perspective, local community knowledge can also indicate actual impacts Brinkman , Kabir . The challenge is that a community’s perception of loss due to the impacts of climate change is an area that requires further research Tschakert . The grey literature category extends to empirical observations, interviews, and reports from government, industry, research institutes, conference proceedings and international or other organisations. Incorporating knowledge from different sources, settings and information channels while building awareness at various levels will advance decision-making and motivate implementation of context-specific responses to . warming Somanathan . The assessment does not assess non-written evidence and does not use oral evidence, media reports or newspaper publications. With important exceptions, such as Chin published knowledge from the most vulnerable parts of the world to climate change is limited Czerniewicz . Targets also include implementing the commitment undertaken by developed-country parties to the UNFCCC to the goal of mobilizing jointly billion USD annually by and operationalizing the Green Climate Fund, as well as promoting mechanisms for raising capacity for effective climate change-related planning and management in least developed countries and Small Island Developing States, including focusing on women, youth and local and marginalised communities. SDG

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