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important factor. IAMs include a wide variety of mitigation options, as well as measures that achieve CDR from Bud light beer aloha tropical all over print hawaiian shirt the atmosphere Krey , b see , . for a broad assessment of available mitigation measures.

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temperature stabilization would hence deploy a certain amount of net negative CO emissions to offset any accumulating long-lived non-CO GHGs. The . overshoot pathways display significantly larger amounts of annual net negative CO emissions in the second half of the century. The larger the overshoot the more net negative CO emissions are required to return temperatures to . by the end of the century , ure .. Appropriate emissions benchmark values also depend on the accep or desired portfolio of mitigation measures, representing clearly identified trade-offs and choices  . For example, lower GHG emissions correlate with a lower dependence on the future availability and desirability of CDR Strefler , b. On the other hand, pathways that assume or anticipate only limited deployment of CDR during the st century imply lower emissions benchmarks over the coming Bud light beer aloha tropical all over print hawaiian shirt decades, which are achieved in models through further reducing CO emissions in the coming decades. The pathway archetypes used in the illustrate this further ure .. Under middle-of-the-road assumptions of technological and socioeconomic development, pathway S suggests emission benchmarks of , and − GtCOe yr− in the years , and , respectively. In contrast, a pathway that further limits overshoot and aims at eliminating the reliance on negative emissions technologies like BECCS as well as CCS shows deeper emissions reductions in to limit the cumulative amount of CO until net zero global CO emissions . The LED pathway here suggests emission benchmarks of , and GtCOe yr− in the years , and , respectively. However, a pathway that allows and plans for the successful large-scale deployment of BECCS by and beyond shows a shift in the opposite direction. The variation within and between the abovementioned ranges of GHG benchmarks hence depends strongly on societal choices and preferences related to the acceptability and availability of certain technologies.

Furthermore, a range of measures could radically reduce agricultural and land-use emissions and are not yet well-covered in IAM modelling. This includes plant-based proteins and cultured meat with the potential to substitute for livestock products at much lower GHG footprints . Large-scale use of synthetic or algae-based proteins for animal feed could free pasture land for other uses Madeira , Pikaar . Novel technologies such as methanogen inhibitors and vaccines Wedlock   well as synthetic and biological nitrification inhibitors Subbarao , Di and Cameron, could substantially reduce future non-CO emissions from agriculture if commercialized successfully. Enhancing carbon sequestration in soils can provide the dual benefit of CDR and improved soil quality. A range of conservation, restoration and land management options can also increase terrestrial carbon uptake Griscom . In addition, the literature discusses CDR measures to permanently sequester atmospheric carbon in rocks mineralization and enhanced weathering, see , .. as well as carbon capture and usage in long-lived products like plastics and carbon fibres   . Progress in the understanding of the technical viability, economics and sustainability of these ways to achieve and maintain carbon neutral energy and land use can affect the characteristics, costs and feasibility of .-consistent pathways significantly. This elicitation Supplementary Material .SM.. confirms that IAMs cover most supply-side mitigation options on the process level, while many demand-side options are treated as part of underlying assumptions, which can be varied Clarke . In recent years, there has been increasing attention on improving the modelling of integrating variable renewable energy into the power system  change and other factors influencing future demand for energy and food van  , including in the context of .-consistent pathways Grubler , van Vuuren . The literature on the many diverse CDR options only recently started to develop strongly  for a detailed assessment, and hence these options are only partially included in IAM analyses. IAMs mostly incorporate afforestation and bioenergy with carbon capture and storage and only in few cases also include direct air capture with CCS Chen and Tavoni, Marcucci , Strefler , b. In the context of . pathways, the portfolio of mitigation options available to the model becomes an increasingly

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