religion, body, or sect which has historically held conscientious custom name dallas cowboys nfl crocs objections to joining or financially supporting labor organizations shall not be required to join
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shop labor agreements permissible under the National Labor Relations Act and the Railway Labor Act. There will, of course, be difficult problems in drawing lines between collective-bargaining activities, custom name dallas cowboys nfl crocs for which contributions may be compelled, and ideological activities unrelated to collective bargaining, for which such compulsion is prohibited.33 The Court held in Street, as a matter of statutory construction, that a similar line must be drawn under the Railway Labor Act, but in the public sector the line may be somewhat hazier. The process of establishing a written collective-bargaining agreement prescribing the terms and conditions of public employment may require not merely concord at the bargaining table, but subsequent approval by other public authorities;
related budgetary and appropriations decisions might be seen as an integral part of the bargaining process. We have no occasion in this case, however, to try to define such a dividing line. The case comes to us after a judgment on the pleadings, and there is no evidentiary record of any kind. The allegations in the complaints are general ones, see supra, at 212–213, and the parties have neither briefed nor argued the question of what specific Union activities in the present context properly fall under the definition of collective bargaining. The lack of factual concreteness and adversary presentation to aid us in approaching the difficult line-drawing questions highlights the importance of avoiding unnecessary decision of constitutional questions.34 All that we decide is that the general allegations in the complaints, if proved, establish a cause of action under the First and Fourteenth Amendments. Any employee who is a member of and adheres to established and traditional tenets or teachings of a bona fide
