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of global warming. Collins discussed the loss of Artic sea ice in the context of potential tipping points. Climate models have been Tropical the grateful dead band all over print hawaiian shirt used to assess whether a bifurcation exists that would lead to the irreversible loss of Arctic sea ice Armour ,

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CO budget is zero. Range of projected realized temperatures at . of global warming due to stochastic noise and model-based spread. Feedbacks associated with changes in land usecover for low-emissions scenarios, for example feedback from changes in forest cover, food production, biofuel production, bio-energy with carbon capture and storage , and associated unquantified biophysical impacts. Tools for informing local and regional decision-making, especially when the signal is ambiguous at . andor reverses sign at higher levels of global warming. In summary, there is medium confidence that a threshold in the long-term GMSL contribution of both the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets lies around . to of global warming relative to pre-industrial; however, the GMSL associated with these two levels of global warming cannot be differentiated on the basis of the existing literature. The impacts of deploying land-based CDR at large scales can be reduced if a wider portfolio of CDR options is deployed, and if Tropical the grateful dead band all over print hawaiian shirt increased mitigation effort focuses on strongly limiting demand for land, energy and material resources, including through lifestyle and dietary changes . Large-scale deployment of land-based CDR would have far-reaching implications for land and water availability . This may impact food production, biodiversity and the provision of other ecosystem services . Evaluating the synergies and trade-offs between mitigation and adaptation actions, resulting land and climate impacts, and the myriad issues related to land-use governance will be essential to better understand the future role of CDR technologies. This topic will be addressed further in the IPCC Special Report on Climate Change and Land due to be published in . Afforestation and reforestation can also present trade-offs between biodiversity, carbon sequestration and water use, and these strategies have a higher land footprint per tonne of CO removed Cunningham, Naudts , Smith .

For example, changing forest management to strategies favouring faster growing species, greater residue extraction and shorter rotations may have a negative impact on biodiversity de Jong . In contrast, reforestation of degraded land with native trees can have substantial benefits for biodiversity .. Despite these constraints, the potential for increased carbon sequestration through improved land stewardship measures is considered to be substantial Griscom . Solid lines correspond to the regional average annual maximum daytime temperature anomaly, and dashed lines correspond to the global mean temperature anomaly, where all temperature anomalies are relative to and units are degrees Celsius. The black line in all panels denotes the three-member control ensemble mean, with the grey shaded regions corresponding to the ensemble range. The coloured lines represent the three-member ensemble means of the experiments corresponding to a  , irrigation , and irrigation with albedo . Adapted from Hirsch . In cost-effective integrated assessment modelling pathways recently developed to be consistent with limiting warming to ., use of CDR in the form of BECCS and AR are fundamental element   The land-use footprint of CDR deployment in .-consistent pathways can be substantial ., ure , even though IAMs predominantly rely on second-generation biomass and assume future productivity increases in agriculture. A large portion of rainfall over the world’s largest rainforests is recirculated , Lenton , which raises the concern that deforestation may trigger a threshold in reduced forest cover, leading to pronounced forest dieback. For the Amazon, this deforestation threshold has been estimated to be Nobre . Global warming of may also, independent of deforestation, represent a tipping point that results in a significant dieback of the Amazon forest, with a key forcing mechanism being stronger El Niño events bringing more frequent droughts to the region Nobre . Increased fire frequencies under global warming may interact with and accelerate deforestation, particularly during periods of El Niño-induced droughts Lenton , Nobre . Global warming of is projected to reduce the extent of tropical rainforest in Central Americ with biomass being reduced by about , which can lead to a large replacement of rainforest by savanna and grassland Lyra . Overall, modelling studies Huntingford , Nobre , and observational constraints Cox , suggest that pronounced rainforest dieback may only be triggered at , although pronounced biomass losses may occur at .

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