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interact with other dimensions of sustainable development . In particular, early action on some SLCFs may have considerable societal co-benefits, such as reduced air pollution and improved public health with associated Tropical chick-fil-a all over print hawaiian shirt economic benefits OECD, Shindell . Valuation of broadly defined social costs attempts to account

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For the purpose of this assessment, we elicited technology availability in models that submitted scenarios to the database as summarized in Supplementary Material .SM., where a detailed picture of the technology variety underlying available .-consistent pathways is provided. Modelling choices on whether a particular mitigation measure is included are influenced by an assessment of its global mitigation potential, the availability of data and literature describing its techno-economic characteristics and future prospects, and the computational challenge of representing the measure, , in terms of required spatio-temporal and process detail. The overwhelming majority of published integrated pathways have been developed by global IAMs that represent key societal systems and their interactions, like the energy system, agriculture and land use, and the economy see . in Clarke . Very often these models also include interactions with a representation of the geophysical system, for example, by including spatially explicit land models or carbon cycle and climate models. The complex features of these subsystems are approximated and simplified in these models. IAMs are briefly Tropical chick-fil-a all over print hawaiian shirt introduced in . and important knowledge gaps identified in .. An overview to the use, scope and limitations of IAMs is provided in Supplementary Material .SM… Calculating carbon budgets from the TCRE requires the assumption that the instantaneous warming in response to cumulative CO emissions equals the long-term warming or, equivalently, that the residual warming after CO emissions cease is negligible. The magnitude of this residual warming, referred to as the zero-emission commitment, ranges from slightly negative ,, a slight cooling to slightly positive for CO emissions up to present-day . The delayed temperature change from a pulse CO emission introduces uncertainties in emission budgets, which have not been quantified in the literature for budgets consistent with limiting warming to .. As a consequence, this uncertainty does not affect our carbon budget estimates directly but it is included as an additional factor in the assessed Earth system feedback uncertainty of roughly GtCO on decadal time scales presented in .. The reduced complexity climate models employed in this assessment do not take into account permafrost or non-CO Earth system feedbacks, although the MAGICC model has a permafrost module that can be enabled. Taking the current climate and Earth system feedbacks understanding together, there is a possibility that these models would underestimate the longer-term future temperature response to stringent emission pathways … Emissions pathways can be characterized by various geophysical characteristics, such as radiative forcing   atmospheric concentrations van Vuuren , Clarke , or associated temperature outcomes   .

These attributes can be used to derive geophysical relationships for specific pathway classes, such as cumulative CO emissions compatible with a specific level of warming, also known as ‘carbon budgets  the consistent contributions of non-CO GHGs and aerosols to the remaining carbon budget temperature outcomes . This assesses geophysical relationships for both CO and non-CO emissions . Governance capacity includes a wide range of activities and efforts needed by different actors to develop coordinated climate mitigation and adaptation strategies in the context of sustainable development, taking into account equity, justice and poverty eradication. Significant governance challenges include the ability to incorporate multiple stakeholder perspectives in the decision-making process to reach meaningful and equi decisions, interactions and coordination between different levels of government, and the capacity to raise financing and support for both technological and human resource development. For example, Lövbrand , argue that the voluntary pledges submitted by states and non-state actors to meet the conditions of the Paris Agreement will need to be more firmly coordinated, evaluated and upscaled. Emission reductions can

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