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would maintain the functioning of prairie pothole ecosystems in North America in terms of their productivity and  Tropical dutch bros coffee all over print hawaiian shirt biodiversity, whilst warming of would not do so Johnson . The large proportion of insects projected to lose over

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higher magnitude or longer duration, could increase the risk of such irreversible retreat. We note that the biophysical impacts of land use in the context of mitigation pathways constitute an emerging research topic. This topi as well as the overall role of land-use change in climate change projections and socio-economic pathways, will be addressed in depth in the upcoming IPCC Special Report on Climate Change and Land Use due in . In addition to the biophysical feedbacks from land-use change and land management on climate, there are potential consequences for particular ecosystem services. This includes climate change-induced changes in crop yield ,  , which may be further exacerbated by competing demands for arable land between reforestation Tropical dutch bros coffee all over print hawaiian shirt mitigation activities, crop growth for BECCS , increasing food production to support larger populations, and urban expansion see review by Smith . In particular, some land management practices may have further implications for food security, for instance throughincreases or decreases in yield when tillage is ceased in some regions Pittelkow .

Changes in the biophysical characteristics of the land surface are known to have an impact on local and regional climates through changes in albedo, roughness, evapotranspiration and phenology, which can lead to a change in temperature and precipitation. This includes changes in land use through agricultural expansionintensification , Mueller , and changes in land managemen that can involve double cropping , no-till farming and conservation agriculture , Lobell , Davin , and wood harvesting , Lawrence . Hence, the biophysical impacts of land-use changes are an important topic to assess in the context of low-emissions scenarios , van Vuuren , in particular for . warming levels see also Cross- Box in this . Tree growth in tundra-dominated landscapes is strongly constrained by the number of days with mean air temperature above . A potential tipping point exists where the number of days below decreases to the extent that the tree fraction increases significantly. Tundra-dominated landscapes have warmed more than the global average over the last century Settele , with associated increases in fires and permafrost degradation   . These processes facilitate conditions for woody species establishment in tundra areas, and for the eventual transition of the tundra to boreal forest. The number of investigations into how the tree fraction may respond in the Arctic to different degrees of global warming is limited, and studies generally indicate that substantial increases will likely occur gradually , Lenton . Abrupt changes are only plausible at levels of warming significantly higher than and would occur in conjunction with a collapse in permafrost Drijfhout . This sub integrates s . and . in terms of climate-change-induced hotspots that occur through interactions across the physical climate system, ecosystems and socio-economic human systems, with a focus on the extent to which risks can be avoided or reduced by achieving the . global warming goal as opposed to the goal. Findings are summarized in .. In AR, the transition from undetec to moderate impacts was considered to occur between . and . of global warming reflecting impacts on the economy and on biodiversity globally, whereas high risks were associated with . of warming to reflect the high risks to biodiversity and accelerated effects on the global economy. New evidence suggests moderate impacts on the global aggregate economy and global biodiversity by . of warming, suggesting a lowering of the temperature level for the transition to moderate risk to . ure .. Further, recent literature points to higher risks than previously assessed for the global aggregate economy and global biodiversity by of global warming, suggesting that the transition to a high risk level is located between . and . of warming ure , as opposed to at . as previously assessed . AR identified a large number of threatened systems, including mountain ecosystems, highly biodiverse tropical wet and dry forests, deserts, freshwater systems and dune systems. These include Mediterranean areas in Europe, Siberian, tropical and desert ecosystems in  and succulent Karoo areas of South Afric and wetlands in Ethiopi Malawi, Zambia and Zimbabwe. In all these systems, impacts accrue with greater warming and impacts at are expected to be greater than those at . One study since AR has shown that constraining global warming to .

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