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As with proof from controlled human publicity studies, commenters expressed sharply divergent views on the proof from epidemiologic research, and on the EPA’s interpretation of that evidence. One group of commenters, every little thing is gonna be alright hippie all over print flag representing medical, public health and environmental organizations, and some states, generally supported the EPA’s interpretation of the epidemiologic

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current normal was violated (i.e., those evaluated in Silverman and Ito, 2010; Strickland et al., 2010), the Administrator notes that PA analyses of reported concentration-response functions and obtainable air high quality information assist the occurrence of O3-attributable hospital admissions and emergency division visits on subsets of days with virtually all ambient O3 concentrations below the extent of the present commonplace. PA analyses of study space air high quality additional support the conclusion that exposures to the ambient O3 concentrations current within the locations evaluated by Strickland et al. and Silverman and Ito might have every little thing is gonna be alright hippie all over print flag plausibly resulted in the respiratory-associated emergency division visits and hospital admissions reported in these studies (U.S. EPA, 2014c, section 3.1.four.2). The Administrator agrees with the PA conclusion that these analyses indicate a relatively excessive diploma of confidence in reported statistical associations with respiratory well being outcomes on days when nearly all monitored 8-hour O3 concentrations were 75 ppb or under. She further agrees with the PA conclusion that although these analyses don’t determine true design values, the presence of O3-associated respiratory results on such days provides insight into the types of well being effects that would occur in areas with maximum ambient O3 concentrations under the level of the present normal.

As in the proposal, the EPA continues to position the greatest weight on the results of controlled human publicity research and on quantitative analyses based mostly on information from these research (significantly exposures of concern, as mentioned under in II.B.three and II.C.4), and less weight on threat analyses based on information from epidemiologic research. In doing so, the Agency continues to notice that managed human exposure studies present the most certain proof indicating the incidence of well being effects in people following specific O3 exposures. In addition, the consequences reported in these research are due solely to O3 exposures, and interpretation of examine outcomes isn’t difficult by the presence of co-occurring pollution or pollutant mixtures . The Agency additional notes the CASAC judgment that “the scientific proof supporting the finding that the present commonplace is insufficient to guard public health is strongest based mostly on the managed human publicity studies of respiratory effects” (Frey, 2014c, p. 5). Consistent with this emphasis, the HREA conclusions replicate comparatively higher confidence in the outcomes of the exposure and danger analyses based mostly on data from managed human exposure research than the results of epidemiology-based mostly danger analyses. As discussed within the HREA (U.S. EPA, 2014a, part 9.6), several key uncertainties complicate the interpretation of these epidemiology-based mostly threat estimates, together with the heterogeneity in O3 effect estimates between areas, the potential for publicity measurement errors in these epidemiologic studies, and uncertainty in the interpretation of the shape of concentration-response functions at lower O3 concentrations. Commenters who opposed the EPA’s method within the proposal to viewing the results of quantitative analyses tended to focus on elements of the evidence and CASAC recommendation that have been thought of by the EPA on the time of proposal and nothing in these commenters’ views has changed those issues. Therefore, the EPA continues to position probably the most emphasis on using the knowledge from managed human publicity research to tell consideration of the adequacy of the primary O3 standard.

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